Narcissism is a personality trait characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others. While everyone has some narcissistic traits, it exists on a spectrum from healthy self-confidence to pathological narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).

Healthy self-confidence is based on realistic self-assessment and includes empathy for others. Narcissism involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance, entitlement, and typically lacks empathy. Self-confident people can acknowledge their flaws; narcissists typically cannot.

Narcissistic traits themselves aren't a mental illness, but Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a recognized mental health condition in the DSM-5. Only a small percentage of people with narcissistic traits meet the clinical criteria for NPD.

The exact causes aren't fully understood, but contributing factors likely include: Genetic predisposition Neurobiological factors Childhood experiences (both excessive praise or severe criticism) Cultural influences that emphasize individual achievement and success Early attachment issues or childhood trauma

Look for patterns of behavior rather than isolated incidents. Key patterns include consistent self-centeredness, lack of empathy, manipulation, need for admiration, and difficulty accepting criticism. However, only mental health professionals can diagnose NPD.

Narcissistic abuse refers to a pattern of manipulative and controlling behaviors used by someone with narcissistic traits. This can include gaslighting, silent treatment, verbal abuse, emotional manipulation, and cycles of idealization and devaluation.